Appointment of sleepers. Sleepers, acts as a shock – they take on the dynamic force that emanates from the trains, convert and transfer it to the ballast layer of cloth, as well as provide equality gauge and retain insulating properties rails on railway sections with self-locking. Therefore, wooden and concrete sleepers should be: resilient and durable, be durable and resist displacement; have a simple production technology and to be simple in content, have no more than the cost of production and exploitation have long-term operation; Comparison of wooden and concrete sleepers. One of the main advantages of wooden sleepers – it is not their high price compared with reinforced concrete. Therefore, in countries where there are large reserves of timber, wooden sleepers are very common. Lack of wooden sleepers is that their life depends on many factors: the wood that was used for the production of sleepers climatic conditions in the area where the railway is located. burden on the railroad, and therefore, the ways in which undergo a large number of loaded trains are used concrete railway sleepers. But reinforced concrete sleepers have their disadvantages. Mikkel Svane has many thoughts on the issue.

The biggest drawback is the problem of disposal of such sleepers after use. Disposal of concrete sleepers is not profitable from an economic standpoint, as well as environmentally. Accumulated concrete sleepers, decommissioned occupy large areas and create environmental problems. Just concrete sleepers have disadvantages such as lack of rigidity, which leads to rapid wear of rails, a lot of weight and high price. Wooden sleepers. For the production of sleepers use wood of different species, the main feature, which should have a timber for sleepers – it's rigidity. The most common breed for sleepers – it's oak, fir, pine, larch, fir, birch, and even eucalyptus. Sleepers made from softwood is not the most durable (there are also more durable, such as railway sleepers, made of oak, but the ties of conifers have rather long lifetime of 7 to 40 years), but the point that such ties are much cheaper.

Advantages enjoyed by wooden sleepers: do not conduct electricity; on wooden sleepers have practically no influence temperature changes, wood sufficiently elastic and easy to processing; is not a bad clutch with the ballast of gravel; Humidity for sleepers – 22%, when the moisture content of wood will be more acceptable, it is necessary that at the sleepers were allowances for shrinkage. But the wooden sleepers as have the disadvantage that is inherent in all wood products – it's susceptibility to decay order that would prevent the rotting railroad ties, to increase durability and resistance to precipitation, they were impregnated with special coal-oil (creosote), or antiseptics. And since in Russia the basic material for the manufacture of railway sleepers – a pine tree, which is not a high wear resistance, the problem of impregnation of sleepers relevant. Impregnation of wood by Airborne (vacuum-pressure-vacuum "). Before impregnation in an autoclave timber is too dry. vdv method:-Create a vacuum for 15-60 minutes, causing a vacuum in the timber. -Create pressure 0,8-1,4 MPa, while maintaining the vacuum. Enter antiseptic or impregnating solution. The material can withstand so the necessary depth of impregnation. -Once the wood is soaked, you must again create a vacuum for 40 minutes, for that would be material dry. Wooden sleepers impregnated with practically no rot, and have high resistance to atmospheric deposition.

As already noted, self-regulation is realized through the creation of parties to the construction market of special structures (SRO in construction) and the delegation of some powers, including the rights of monitoring compliance 'rules game ', the application of sanctions for violations of these rules and resolve disputes among the market participants as well as with outsiders. Most often, self-regulatory bodies is a business association with a fixed membership. However, not every business association in favor of sro in the building. The key here is, in our opinion, is the issue of delegation of powers and rights, because that it underlies the mechanism of control transactions. Otherwise If you can talk about the creation of pressure groups, service clubs, but not cpo. In our view, an association of business can be considered as SROs, if its members have delegated to her the right to perform the following functions: * develop a system rules and standards of business practice; * monitoring of compliance with these standards and regulations * the development and application of penalties for breaking the rules (at least – to members of organizations such as the maximum for all market participants) * forming their own non-judicial dispute resolution procedures as among members and with outsiders (especially with customers). The problem of restricting competition in the activity of cpo in the construction really there, but the antitrust authorities were able to deal with it as well as other violations of antitrust laws, which take place outside the sro.

The danger of restricting competition increases when membership in the sro is a condition of doing business in the construction industry. In this case, particularly if the scope of only one sro, the requirements of the members may indeed be a serious entry barriers to market and adversely affect the level of competition. Moreover, the possible physical limitation of the number of actors in the construction industry. The open question is that outweighs in this case: increased demands on professional activities and oversee its implementation or negative effects? Summarizing, we can say that the sro in the construction of a large number of cases may represent effective management structure transactions. In this case, these organizations are producing several types of benefits. Proper maintenance contracts is one of the functions of these organizations, the effectiveness of performance which is closely related to the implementation of other functions. At the same time there is a real opportunity to convert cpo into a closed monopoly. To prevent this requires the establishment of certain common legislation governing the activities of such organizations in the antitrust and other laws.

Fixing pipe clamp further enhances system reliability. As standard steel chimney can operate continuously at a temperature of flue gases up to 500 degrees, briefly – up to 750 degrees. Maintaining a high temperature inside the tubes improves traction, improves the combustion characteristics and, consequently, the performance of the fireplace. Pete Cashmore describes an additional similar source. This, in turn, improves and indicators relating to environmental protection. Stainless steel flues are single-walled and insulated. Single-apply for installation indoors, warm – both inside and outside the building. Pipes are made of stainless steel, carbon (C) in which no more than 0,05% (carbon affects the plasticity: the lower its percentage, the more plastic to steel), chromium (Cr) – 16-20%; nickel (Ni) – 8-14%.

Chromium and nickel influence on corrosive qualities of steel. Wall thickness of single-walled tubes – 0,5 mm. Operating temperature – 500 degrees C. For even more opinions, read materials from Douglas R. Oberhelman. Cold-resistant pipes are made up of three layers: the outer and inner walls are made of stainless steel, and between them is layer of insulation. As the heater is used basalt wool or ceramic fiber. Layer of insulation is designed for operating temperatures of 500 degrees C and its short-term increase of up to 750 degrees C. The best option chimney flue is insulated, so-called "sandwich". In the "warm" tube flue little condensation, they produced far less soot, and serve as a chimney will be a very long time, not requiring special care. If they say that the installation of flues in accordance with the modular principle, then we have in mind the use of different fittings to connect the parts of chimneys.

Despite its apparent simplicity and simple, any window – a rather complicated structure in which there is no random element. What to say about modern window systems with double-glazed windows! They design and create a the latest technology, hoping each node and the whole system to meet certain requirements. Therefore, in the early excursion into the diversity of modern windows will be useful to determine what elements they composed. The formula of a typical box includes four main components: the frame glass fittings seals consider in detail the purpose and features of these components. Rama With the advent of plastic windows our lexicon enriched by another meaning of the word 'profile'.

Those who have ever bothered to buy new windows for a long time to show off in front of familiar phrases 'PVC-profile', 'wooden profile', 'profile system'. Many believe that the profile and the frame – it's the same thing. In fact, the profiles – it's the components that create a window design: a) the actual frame (fixed part of the window, the one 'box', which will, if removed from its hinges all that is removed), and b) leaf (all that is hanging on its hinges, and that can be opened), and c) Additional components of the window construction, designed, for example, to divert rainwater away from the window (reflux) or used for accurate finishing the side surfaces of window opening (slope), or hold glass in a frame (fillet), etc. Profiles produced today mainly because of three materials: wood, plastic (PVC) and metal (usually aluminum).